From: Epidemiology and risk factors of oral frailty among older people: an observational study from China
Variables | OFI-8 | χ2 | P* | OFI-8 + TN | χ2 | P* | OFI-8 + ODK | χ2 | P* | OFI-8 + TN + ODK | χ2 | P* | RSST | χ2 | P* |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |||||||||||
Sociodemographic | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Age (years) | 70.0 (67.0, 74.0) |  |  | 72.60 ± 6.09 |  |  | 71.0 (67.0, 75.0) |  |  | 72.0 (68.5, 77.0) |  |  | 70.78 ± 4.18 |  |  |
Age group (years) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
60–69 | 90 (29.0) | 0.11 | 0.95 | 25 (8.1) | 9.31 | 0.010 | 68 (21.9) | 3.53 | 0.17 | 19 (6.1) | 10.15 | 0.006 | 3 (1) | 0.68 | 0.75‡ |
70–79 | 109 (35.2) |  |  | 51 (16.5) |  |  | 78 (25.2) |  |  | 37 (11.9) |  |  | 6 (1.9) |  |  |
80+ | 15 (4.8) | Â | Â | 9 (2.9) | Â | Â | 15 (4.8) | Â | Â | 9 (2.9) | Â | Â | 0 (0) | Â | Â |
Sex | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
female | 108 (34.8) | 0.36 | 0.55 | 36 (11.6) | 4.02 | 0.045 | 90 (29.0) | 2.47 | 0.12 | 32 (10.3) | 0.19 | 0.67 | 3 (1) | - | 0.32†|
male | 106 (34.2) | Â | Â | 49 (15.8) | Â | Â | 71 (22.9) | Â | Â | 33 (10.6) | Â | Â | 6 (1.9) | Â | Â |
Education level | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
illiteracy | 40 (12.9) | 3.16 | 0.37 | 16 (5.2) | 1.55 | 0.67 | 31 (10.0) | 2.33 | 0.51 | 14 (4.5) | 1.52 | 0.68 | 1 (0.3) | 1.43 | 0.76‡ |
primary school | 103 (33.2) | Â | Â | 43 (13.9) | Â | Â | 79 (25.5) | Â | Â | 32 (10.3) | Â | Â | 6 (1.9) | Â | Â |
middle school | 43 (13.9) | Â | Â | 16 (5.2) | Â | Â | 32 (10.3) | Â | Â | 11 (3.5) | Â | Â | 1 (0.3) | Â | Â |
high school and above | 28 (9.0) | Â | Â | 10 (3.2) | Â | Â | 19 (6.1) | Â | Â | 8 (2.6) | Â | Â | 1 (0.3) | Â | Â |
Marriage | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
married | 174 (56.1) | 1.82 | 0.18 | 64 (20.6) | 5.28 | 0.022 | 130 (41.9) | 1.48 | 0.22 | 48 (15.5) | 5.18 | 0.023 | 7 (2.3) | - | 0.65†|
widowed/unmarried | 40 (12.9) | Â | Â | 21 (6.8) | Â | Â | 31 (10.0) | Â | Â | 17 (5.5) | Â | Â | 2 (0.6) | Â | Â |
Employment status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
employed | 17 (5.5) | 4.92 | 0.09 | 5 (1.6) | 5.68 | 0.06 | 12 (3.9) | 4.49 | 0.11 | 4 (1.3) | 3.52 | 0.17 | 2 (0.6) | 3.35 | 0.14‡ |
retired | 166 (53.5) | Â | Â | 64 (20.6) | Â | Â | 124 (40.0) | Â | Â | 49 (15.8) | Â | Â | 5 (1.6) | Â | Â |
others | 31 (10.0) | Â | Â | 16 (5.2) | Â | Â | 25 (8.1) | Â | Â | 12 (3.9) | Â | Â | 2 (0.6) | Â | Â |
Living arrangement | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
living alone | 40 (12.9) | 2.33 | 0.51 | 14 (4.5) | 4.28 | 0.23 | 28 (9.0) | 0.88 | 0.83 | 9 (2.9) | 5.29 | 0.15 | 1 (0.3) | 6.09 | 0.08‡ |
with spouse | 141 (45.5) | Â | Â | 56 (18.1) | Â | Â | 110 (35.5) | Â | Â | 43 (13.9) | Â | Â | 6 (1.9) | Â | Â |
with children | 25 (8.1) | Â | Â | 13 (4.2) | Â | Â | 17 (5.5) | Â | Â | 11 (3.5) | Â | Â | 0 (0) | Â | Â |
others | 8 (2.6) | Â | Â | 2 (0.6) | Â | Â | 6 (1.9) | Â | Â | 2 (0.6) | Â | Â | 2 (0.6) | Â | Â |
Source of income | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
pension | 63 (20.3) | 3.48 | 0.18 | 20 (6.5) | 6.55 | 0.038 | 47 (15.2) | 0.15 | 0.93 | 16 (5.2) | 2.01 | 0.37 | 3 (1) | 4.19 | 0.11‡ |
child support or others | 37 (11.9) | Â | Â | 12 (3.9) | Â | Â | 31 (10.0) | Â | Â | 11 (3.5) | Â | Â | 4 (1.3) | Â | Â |
government subsidy | 114 (36.8) | Â | Â | 53 (17.1) | Â | Â | 83 (26.8) | Â | Â | 38 (12.3) | Â | Â | 2 (0.6) | Â | Â |
Monthly incomes | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
<2000 | 152 (49.0) | 1.15 | 0.56 | 67 (21.6) | 4.45 | 0.11 | 118 (38.1) | 2.56 | 0.28 | 50 (16.1) | 2.02 | 0.36 | 7 (2.3) | 0.14 | 1‡ |
2000–4000 | 30 (9.7) |  |  | 10 (3.2) |  |  | 20 (6.5) |  |  | 7 (2.3) |  |  | 1 (0.3) |  |  |
>4000 | 32 (10.3) | Â | Â | 8 (2.6) | Â | Â | 23 (7.4) | Â | Â | 8 (2.6) | Â | Â | 1 (0.3) | Â | Â |
Lifestyle | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Alcohol drinking | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
no | 176 (56.8) | 2.17 | 0.14 | 67 (21.6) | 0.10 | 0.75 | 135 (43.5) | 3.11 | 0.08 | 53 (17.1) | 0.12 | 0.73 | 5 (1.6) | - | 0.08†|
yes | 38 (12.3) | Â | Â | 18 (5.8) | Â | Â | 26 (8.4) | Â | Â | 12 (3.9) | Â | Â | 4 (1.3) | Â | Â |
Sedentary time | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
<5 h/d | 158 (51) | 4.64 | 0.10 | 61 (19.7) | 0.13 | 0.94 | 125 (40.3) | 8.61 | 0.013 | 45 (14.5) | 0.15 | 0.93 | 7 (2.3) | 0.09 | 1‡ |
5 ~ 8 h/d | 45 (14.5) |  |  | 20 (6.5) |  |  | 30 (9.7) |  |  | 17 (5.5) |  |  | 2 (0.6) |  |  |
≥ 8 h/d | 11 (3.5) |  |  | 4 (1.3) |  |  | 6 (1.9) |  |  | 3 (1.0) |  |  | 0 (0) |  |  |
Smoking | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
no | 170 (54.8) | 1.05 | 0.31 | 63 (20.3) | 3.57 | 0.06 | 128 (41.3) | 0.47 | 0.50 | 50 (16.1) | 0.87 | 0.35 | 5 (1.6) | - | 0.07†|
yes | 44 (14.2) | Â | Â | 22 (7.1) | Â | Â | 33 (10.6) | Â | Â | 15 (4.8) | Â | Â | 4 (1.3) | Â | Â |
Passive smoking | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
no | 157 (50.6) | 3.66 | 0.06 | 61 (19.7) | 1.43 | 0.23 | 117 (37.7) | 2.66 | 0.10 | 45 (14.5) | 2.38 | 0.12 | 7 (2.3) | - | 1†|
yes | 57 (18.4) | Â | Â | 24 (7.7) | Â | Â | 44 (14.2) | Â | Â | 20 (6.5) | Â | Â | 2 (0.6) | Â | Â |
Tea drinking | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
no | 137 (44.2) | 0.07 | 0.80 | 53 (17.1) | 0.07 | 0.79 | 102 (32.9) | 0.01 | 0.94 | 41 (13.2) | 0.01 | 0.93 | 6 (1.9) | - | 1†|
yes | 77 (24.8) | Â | Â | 32 (10.3) | Â | Â | 59 (19.0) | Â | Â | 24 (7.7) | Â | Â | 3 (1) | Â | Â |
Leisure activities | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
low | 128 (41.3) | 1.45 | 0.49 | 58 (18.7) | 2.11 | 0.35 | 93 (30.0) | 3.11 | 0.21 | 44 (14.2) | 1.96 | 0.38 | 6 (1.9) | 0.15 | 1‡ |
moderate | 30 (9.7) | Â | Â | 10 (3.2) | Â | Â | 21 (6.8) | Â | Â | 9 (2.9) | Â | Â | 1 (0.3) | Â | Â |
high | 56 (18.1) | Â | Â | 17 (5.5) | Â | Â | 47 (15.2) | Â | Â | 12 (3.9) | Â | Â | 2 (0.6) | Â | Â |
Comorbidities | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Chronic disease | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
no | 65 (21) | 0.49 | 0.48 | 32 (10.3) | 1.97 | 0.16 | 44 (14.2) | 2.84 | 0.09 | 23 (7.4) | 0.54 | 0.46 | 4 (1.3) | - | 0.47†|
yes | 149 (48.1) | Â | Â | 53 (17.1) | Â | Â | 117 (37.7) | Â | Â | 42 (13.5) | Â | Â | 5 (1.6) | Â | Â |
Hypertension | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
no | 82 (26.5) | 2.01 | 0.16 | 38 (12.3) | 0.68 | 0.41 | 59 (19.0) | 2.59 | 0.11 | 29 (9.4) | 0.45 | 0.50 | 5 (1.6) | - | 0.50 |
yes | 132 (42.6) | Â | Â | 47 (15.2) | Â | Â | 102 (32.9) | Â | Â | 36 (11.6) | Â | Â | 4 (1.3) | Â | Â |
Coronary heart disease | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
no | 193 (62.3) | 1.83 | 0.18 | 76 (24.5) | 0.74 | 0.39 | 146 (47.1) | 0.38 | 0.54 | 58 (18.7) | 0.61 | 0.44 | 7 (2.3) | - | 0.17†|
yes | 21 (6.8) | Â | Â | 9 (2.9) | Â | Â | 15 (4.8) | Â | Â | 7 (2.3) | Â | Â | 2 (0.6) | Â | Â |
Rheumatoid arthritis | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
no | 206 (66.5) | - | 0.28†| 80 (25.8) | - | 0.07†| 153 (49.4) | - | 0.038†| 60 (19.4) | - | 0.022†| 9 (2.9) | - | 1†|
yes | 8 (2.6) | Â | Â | 5 (1.6) | Â | Â | 8 (2.6) | Â | Â | 5 (1.6) | Â | Â | 0 (0) | Â | Â |
Diabetes | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
no | 166 (53.5) | 1.34 | 0.25 | 64 (20.6) | 1.18 | 0.28 | 119 (38.4) | 6.06 | 0.014 | 46 (14.8) | 3.70 | 0.054 | 7 (2.3) | - | 1†|
yes | 48 (15.5) | Â | Â | 21 (6.8) | Â | Â | 42 (13.5) | Â | Â | 19 (6.1) | Â | Â | 2 (0.6) | Â | Â |
Gastritis | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
no | 203 (65.5) | - | 1.00†| 81 (26.1) | - | 1†| 153 (49.4) | 0.03 | 0.87 | 64 (20.6) | - | 0.21 | 9 (2.9) | - | 1†|
yes | 11 (3.5) | Â | Â | 4 (1.3) | Â | Â | 8 (2.6) | Â | Â | 1 (0.3) | Â | Â | 0 (0) | Â | Â |
Frailty | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
robustness | 84 (27.1) | 4.29 | 0.12 | 40 (12.9) | 1.15 | 0.56 | 58 (18.7) | 7.93 | 0.019 | 28 (9.0) | 0.19 | 0.91 | 6 (1.9) | 1.98 | 0.39‡ |
pre-frailty | 92 (29.7) | Â | Â | 34 (11.0) | Â | Â | 71 (22.9) | Â | Â | 26 (8.4) | Â | Â | 2 (0.6) | Â | Â |
frailty | 38 (12.3) | Â | Â | 11 (3.5) | Â | Â | 32 (10.3) | Â | Â | 11 (3.5) | Â | Â | 1 (0.3) | Â | Â |
Depression | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
no | 161 (51.9) | 0.002 | 0.97 | 61 (19.7) | 0.72 | 0.40 | 117 (37.7) | 1.11 | 0.29 | 45 (14.5) | 1.55 | 0.21 | 7 (2.3) | - | 1†|
yes | 53 (17.1) | Â | Â | 24 (7.7) | Â | Â | 44 (14.2) | Â | Â | 20 (6.5) | Â | Â | 2 (0.6) | Â | Â |
Total | 214 (69.0) | Â | Â | 85 (27.4) | Â | Â | 161 (51.9) | Â | Â | 65 (21.0) | Â | Â | 9 (2.9) | Â | Â |