Table 1 Values for input parameters. *The costs for all the modalities were simulated using the Dental Fees ADA survey 2020

Root canal treatment - D3330

1,109.31 USD*

Pulpotomy - D3220

210.50 USD*

Direct composite restoration - D2393

294.82 USD*

Crown (porcelain fused to metal) - D2751

1,095.76 USD*

Nonsurgical retreatment - D3348

1,246.06 USD*

Surgical retreatment - D3425

961.87 USD*

Extraction - D7140

189.83 USD*

Starting age

18 years

Discount rate

0.03

Pulpotomy (success probability) – first year

0.96 [13]

Root canal treatment (success probability) – first year

0.99 [5, 6]

Pulpotomy (success probability) – follow-up years

0.95 [11]

Root canal treatment (success probability) – follow-up years

0.97 [5, 6]

Probability of complications following pulpotomy (follow-up health states)

0.05 [18]

Probability of complications following root canal treatment (follow-up health states)

0.03 [5, 6]

Probability of root canal treatment following failed pulpotomy

0.875 [12, 18]

Probability of extraction following failed pulpotomy

0.125 [18, 20]

Probability of non-surgical retreatment following failed root canal treatment

0.1 [19]

Probability of surgical retreatment following failed root canal treatment

0.15 [19]

Probability of extraction following failed root canal treatment

0.75 [19]