Study ID | Study design | Parameters | Diagnostic criteria | Malocclusion category | Inference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liu et al. [45] | A longitudinal study with three measurement points (T0, T1, T2). | - MMA - Parafunctional habits | - OBC - DC/TMD Axis II - sEMG | Not specified | - Temporalis muscle activity increased significantly between T0 and T1 (P < 0.05). - At MVC, the activities of the TA and SCM at T1 were significantly higher than those of T0 (P < 0.05) - OBC scores decreased greatly at the initial phase but then show a minor increase at further followup. |
Manfrendini et al. [46] | Retrospective | - MMA during sleep | - sEMG. | Not specified | - Wearing the retainers did not significantly affect the sMMA variables. |
Nota et al. [47] | Longitudinal study with three measurement points (T0, T1, T2). | - Mandibular elevator muscles activity - pain on palpation | - sEMG - RDC/TMD | Angle’s Class I malocclusion with crowding. | - The sEMG activity of masseter muscles at mandibular rest position showed a statistically significant reduction at T1 but returned to baseline levels at T2. - No changes were noted for sEMG activity at clenching position - At T0, pain was noted in 12.5% of the individuals which increased to 25% at T1. |
Paes et al. [48] | Preliminary longitudinal study over an 8-month follow-up period. | - Biting force - Myoelectric activity of the superficial masseter and anterior temporal muscles. | - Surface Electromyography | Angle’s Class I and Class II malocclusion. | - sEMG increased to approximately 30% for RMS value at p = 0.001. - Bite force significantly reduced to < 20% at p < 0.05. - Clenching of the teeth were reported in higher percentages. |
Pittar et al. [49] | Prospective | - MMA, - OD and - TMD symptoms in adults with different levels of self-reported oral parafunction. | -OBC for parafunctional habit - DC/TMD - Wireless EMG | - Individuals reported with parafunctional habits | - A decreased MMA was noted with a reduction in mean contraction episode amplitude at p = 0.003. - OD was increased at p = 0.048, particularly in high PFA subjects. - TMD symptoms were present throughout the evaluation phase in both groups |
Tran et al. [50] | Multi-site prospective study with follow up of four weeks ( | - Tooth pain - Masticatory muscle soreness - Pressure pain thresholds | - DC/TMD - VAS (100 mm guage) | - Class I and Class II malocclusion | - Muscle soreness was found in all phases, though the dummy phase showed significantly greater soreness than active phase. - Pain was present only in the first few days. Pain was significantly correlated with trait anxiety (r = 0.423; p = 0.008) |