Table 1 Characteristics of eligible children and adolescent

Age, years, Mean (S.E)

9.29 (0.10)

8.33 (0.17)

10.59 (0.18)

< 0.001

Age, n (%)

< 0.001

 <12

4002 (64.66)

2336 (70.80)

1666 (56.39)

 ≥12

1915 (35.34)

894 (29.20)

1021 (43.61)

Gender, n (%)

0.263

 Male

2987 (50.92)

1597 (49.86)

1390 (52.35)

 Female

2930 (49.08)

1633 (50.14)

1297 (47.65)

Race, n (%)

< 0.001

 Non-Hispanic White

1862 (51.34)

1136 (55.99)

726 (45.08)

 Non-Hispanic Black

1487 (13.58)

817 (13.74)

670 (13.36)

 Others

2568 (35.08)

1277 (30.28)

1291 (41.57)

PIR, n (%)

< 0.001

 <1.0

1780 (23.26)

829 (18.51)

951 (29.66)

 ≥1.0

4137 (76.74)

2401 (81.49)

1736 (70.34)

Household food security category, n (%)

< 0.001

 Full food security

3251 (62.51)

1941 (68.25)

1310 (54.78)

 Marginal food security

964 (13.88)

491 (12.36)

473 (15.94)

 Low food security

1119 (15.68)

517 (12.71)

602 (19.68)

 Very low food security

583 (7.92)

281 (6.68)

302 (9.60)

BMI, kg/m², Mean (S.E)

19.96 (0.12)

19.28 (0.12)

20.87 (0.18)

< 0.001

Obesity, n (%)

< 0.001

 No

4635 (79.39)

2598 (81.13)

2037 (77.05)

 Yes

1282 (20.61)

632 (18.87)

650 (22.95)

Birth weight, pounds, n (%)

0.529

 <5.5

912 (13.24)

491 (13.38)

421 (13.05)

 5.5-9.0

4574 (78.08)

2534 (78.59)

2040 (77.40)

 ≥9.0

431 (8.68)

205 (8.03)

226 (9.55)

Smoking during pregnant, n (%)

0.003

 No

5164 (87.42)

2862 (89.36)

2302 (84.80)

 Yes

753 (12.58)

368 (10.64)

385 (15.20)

Cotinine, ng/mL, n (%)

< 0.001

 ≤0.05

2472 (45.88)

1277 (43.44)

1195 (49.18)

 >0.05

1816 (27.12)

846 (23.65)

970 (31.79)

 Unknown

1629 (27.00)

1107 (32.91)

522 (19.03)

Total energy intake, kcal, Mean (S.E)

1864.66 (14.37)

1807.87 (15.50)

1941.20 (28.15)

< 0.001

Total sugar intake, gm, Mean (S.E)

109.96 (1.08)

106.69 (1.42)

114.37 (1.87)

0.004

VD, gm, Mean (S.E)

7.85 (0.35)

8.23 (0.42)

7.33 (0.60)

0.230

Fiber intake, gm, Mean (S.E)

13.87 (0.18)

13.67 (0.24)

14.14 (0.21)

0.122

Frequency of tooth brushing, times/ 1 day, n (%)

0.836

 <2

1980 (34.03)

1075 (33.78)

905 (34.36)

 ≥2

3937 (65.97)

2155 (66.22)

1782 (65.64)

Amount of toothpaste use, n (%)

< 0.001

 <half load

2154 (39.42)

1285 (43.00)

869 (34.59)

 ≥half load

3763 (60.58)

1945 (57.00)

1818 (65.41)

Time period since last dental visit, years, n (%)

< 0.001

 <1

4728 (80.43)

2436 (76.43)

2292 (85.82)

 1–2

458 (7.52)

233 (7.00)

225 (8.21)

 ≥2

731 (12.05)

561 (16.56)

170 (5.97)

Physical activity, n (%)

< 0.001

 =7

2516 (40.80)

1487 (45.46)

1029 (34.52)

 <7

3401 (59.20)

1743 (54.54)

1658 (65.48)

Ca intake, n (%)

< 0.001

 Reach recommendation level

1942 (34.73)

1177 (38.19)

765 (30.06)

 Not reach recommendation level

3975 (65.27)

2053 (61.81)

1922 (69.94)

Combined effect between Ca intake and physical activity, n (%)

< 0.001

 Ca reach recommendation level & physical activity = 7

990 (16.70)

633 (19.68)

357 (12.67)

 Ca reach recommendation level & physical activity < 7

952 (18.03)

544 (18.51)

408 (17.39)

 Ca not reach recommendation level & physical activity = 7

1526 (24.11)

854 (25.78)

672 (21.85)

 Ca not reach recommendation level & physical activity < 7

2449 (41.16)

1199 (36.03)

1250 (48.09)