Comparison of Easydo Activator, ultrasonic and needle irrigation techniques on sealer penetration and smear layer removal in vitro

Table 1 Sealer penetration area (mm²), depth (mm), and percentage (%) of the test groups at 5 mm from the apex

Group	5 mm	No.	Mean	Median	Standard deviation	Minimum	Maximum
Group 1 Needle Irrigation	Area^†	9	0.757	0.666	0.194	0.558	1.071
	Depth^†	9	0.282	0.278	1.135	0.131	0.444
	Percentage^†	9	10.75	10.92	2.420	7.740	14.37
Group 2 Passive ultrasonic irrigation	Area^‡	9	1.738	1.638	0.861	0.594	3.348
	Depth^‡	9	1.024	1.035	0.108	0.780	1.160
	Percentage^‡	9	32.14	30.79	4.700	25.44	39.19
Group 3 Easydo Activator	Area^‡	9	2.243	2.079	0.574	1.629	3.105
	Depth^§	9	1.327	1.400	0.303	0.846	1.680
	Percentage^§	9	48.51	44.35	11.45	34.39	65.63

Different superscript symbols indicate a significant difference at the 5% significance level (P < 0.05). (Data with the same superscript are not significantly different)

ISSN: 1472-6831