Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the included studies.
Author, year, country, study design | Sample age; gender; medical history | Pre-operative pulpal and periapical status | Assessment method | Restoration type (single unit or FPD) and material | Impression material | Temporization cement and duration | Permanent cement | Clinical expertise | Follow-up time; PN; PP |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aziz et al., 2022 [21], Canada, Cohort | 28–88 years; F:121, M:68; NA | Pulpal: Vital (55 teeth); Periapical: NA | Radiographic | Single-unit; Ceramic | Polyvinyl siloxane | NA; NA | Resin | Predoctoral students and trained dentists |  > 5–10 years; 2; NA |
Bergenholtz & Nyman [22], 1984, Sweden, Cohort | 21–68 years; NA; NA | Pulpal: Vital (255 teeth); Periapical: NA | Objective | FPD; NA | NA | NA; NA | NA | NA |  > 10 years; 38; 38 |
Chaar et al., 2020 [23], Germany, Cohort | 37–70 years; F:23, M:16; NA | Pulpal: Vital (44 teeth); Periapical: Normal | Subjective | Single-unit; PFM | Polyether | NA; NA | GIC | NA |  > 10 years; 1; NA |
Cheung, 1991 [24], Hong Kong, Cohort | 17–73 years; F:85, M:47; NA | Pulpal: Vital (73 teeth); Periapical: NA | Subjective | Single-unit; Gold, metal, porcelain | NA | NA; NA | NA | Students and general practitioners |  ≤ 5 years; 3; NA |
Cheung et al., 2005 [1], China, Cohort | NA; NA; NA | Pulpal: Vital (199 teeth); Periapical: NA | Objective | Single-unit and FPD; PFM | NA | NA; NA | NA | NA |  > 10 years; 44; NA |
Denner et al., 2007 [25], Germany, RCT | 22–65 years; F:22, M:38; NA | Pulpal: Vital (120 teeth); Periapical: NA | Objective | Single-unit and FPD; Metal or PFM | NA | Eugenol-based; NA | GIC or resin | NA |  ≤ 5 years; 2; NA |
Derchi et al., 2019 [26], Germany, Cohort | 23–65 years; F:17, M:13; NA | Pulpal: Vital (99 teeth); Periapical: Normal | Objective | Single-unit; Composite resin | Polyvinyl siloxane | NA; ≤ 2 weeks | Resin | General practitioners |  > 10 years; 2; NA |
Encke et al., 2009 [27], Germany, RCT | 41.0–42.7 years; F:118, M:104; NA | Pulpal: Vital (138 teeth); Periapical: Normal | Objective | Single-unit; Ceramic or gold | Polyvinyl siloxane | Eugenol-free; NA | GIC | NA |  ≤ 5 years; 8; NA |
Ericson et al., 1966 [28], Sweden, Cohort | 20–79 years; F:178, M:94; NA | Pulpal: Vital (642 teeth); Periapical: Normal | Radiographic | FPD; NA | Compound | Eugenol-based; NA | Zinc phosphate | Students |  ≤ 5 years; 21; 21 |
Fayyad & AL-Rafee, 1996 [29], Saudi Arabia, Cohort | NA; NA; NA | Pulpal: Vital: (288 teeth); Periapical: NA | Radiographic | FPD; PFM, metal, or metal with acrylic facing | NA | NA; NA | NA | NA |  > 5–10 years; 12; 12 |
Forrer et al., 2020 [30], Switzerland, Cohort | NA; F:52, M:30; NA | Pulpal: Vital (171 teeth); Periapical: NA | Objective | Single-unit and FPD; Ceramic or PFM | NA | NA; NA | GIC or resin | Predoctoral and postgraduate dentists |  > 5–10 years; 6; 6 |
Hämmerle et al., 2000 [31], Switzerland, Cohort | 29–84 years; F:70%, M:30%; NA | Pulpal: Vital: (120 teeth); Periapical: NA | Objective | FPD; PFM with gold frames | Polyvinyl siloxane or polysulfide | NA; NA | Zinc phosphate | Students and prosthodontists |  > 10 years; 12; 3 |
Ioannidis & Bindl, 2016 [32], Switzerland, Cohort | 52.6 ± 10.1 years; F:32, M:23; NA | Pulpal: Vital (57 teeth); Periapical: Normal | Objective | FPD; Ceramic with Y-TZP frameworks | Polyvinyl siloxane | Eugenol-free; NA | Resin | NA |  > 5–10 years; 3; 1 |
Johnson et al., 1993 [33], United States of America, RCT | NA; NA; NA | Pulpal: Vital (214 teeth); Periapical: NA | Subjective | Single-unit; Gold or ceramic | Polyvinyl siloxane | Eugenol-based; NA | Zinc phosphate or GIC | Prosthodontists |  ≤ 5 years; 2; 2 |
Jokstad & Mjör, 1996 [34], Norway, Cohort | NA; NA; NA | Pulpal: Vital (86 teeth); Periapical: NA | Objective | Single-unit and FPD; Gold-resin or PFM | NA | Eugenol-based; > 2 weeks | Zinc phosphate or GIC | General practitioners |  > 5–10 years; 5; NA |
Karlsson, 1986 [35], Sweden, Cohort | 34–78 years; F:89, M:75; NA | Pulpal: Vital (641 teeth); Periapical: NA | Radiographic | FPD; Acrylic resin veneer, gold or porcelain bonded to gold | NA | NA; NA | NA | General practitioners |  > 5–10 years; 64; 64 |
Khazin et al., 2021 [36], Malaysia, Cohort | 23–79 years; F:31, M:23; NA | Pulpal: Vital (73 teeth); Periapical: Normal | Objective | Single-unit and FPD; Metal, PFM, or ceramic | Polyvinyl siloxane | NA; NA | GIC, RMGIC, resin | NA |  ≤ 5 years; 1; NA |
Kontakiotis et al., 2015 [6], Greece, Cohort | 33–62 years; NA; NA | Pulpal: Vital (120 teeth); Periapical: Normal | Objective | Single-unit; NA | NA | Eugenol-free; > 2 weeks | NA | Students |  ≤ 5 years; 11; NA |
Lockard et al., 2002 [37], Florida, Cohort | NA; F:172, M:84; NA | Pulpal: Vital (1847 teeth); Periapical: Normal | Subjective | Single-unit and FPD; Ceramic, PFM or metal | Reversible hydrocolloid | Eugenol-based; > 2 weeks | Zinc phosphate, poly-carboxylate, orthoethoxybenzoic acid, resin, GIC | Prosthodontists |  > 10 years; 22; 22 |
Lundgren et al., 2018 [38], Sweden, RCT | 11–22 years; F:15, M:12; Amelogenesis imperfecta | Pulpal: Vital (227 teeth); Periapical: NA | Radiographic | Single-unit; Ceramic with zirconia framework | Polyether | Eugenol-based; > 2 weeks | Resin | General practitioners and prosthodontists |  > 5–10 years; 7; 7 |
Lundqvist & Nilson, 1982 [39], Sweden, Cohort | 21–90 years; F:22, M:18; NA | Pulpal: Vital (35 teeth); Periapical: NA | Objective | Single-unit and FPD; NA | NA | NA; NA | NA | Students |  > 5–10 years; 5; 1 |
Olley et al., 2018 [4], United Kingdom, Cohort | 49.11 ± 15.65 years; F:27, M:20; NA | Pulpal: Vital (143 teeth); Periapical: NA | Subjective | Single-unit; PFM, gold or ceramic | Polysulfide and alginate | NA; NA | GIC, zinc phosphate or resin | General practitioners |  > 10 years; 6; 6 |
Piemjai and Adunphichet, 2022 [40], Thailand, Cohort | 61.44 ± 10.81 years; F: 177, M: 83; NA | Pulpal: Vital (642 teeth); Periapical: NA | Objective | Single-unit and FPD; metal, PFM | NA | NA; NA | Zinc phosphate, polycarboxylate, GIC, Resin | Postgraduates |  > 10 years; 13; NA |
Rauch et al., 2017 [41], Germany, Cohort | 46.5 ± 13.1 years; F:21, M:13; Healthy | Pulpal: Vital (17 teeth); Periapical: NA | Objective | Single-unit; Ceramic | NA | NA; NA | Resin | NA |  > 5–10 years; 3; NA |
Reich & Schierz, 2013 [42], Germany, Cohort | 26.2–73.8 years; F:21, M:13; Healthy | Pulpal: Vital (24 teeth) Periapical: NA | Objective | Single-unit; Ceramic | NA | NA; NA | Resin | NA |  ≤ 5 years; 2; NA |
Reichen-Graden & Lang, 1989 [43], Switzerland, Cohort | 26–72 years; F:42, M:16; NA | Pulpal: Vital (134 teeth); Periapical: NA | Objective | FPD; Ceramic | NA | NA; NA | Zinc phosphate | Students |  > 5–10 years; 5; 1 |
Rinke et al., 2013 [44], Germany, Cohort | 26–76 years; F:36, M:39; NA | Pulpal: Vital (200 teeth); Periapical: NA | Objective | FPD; Ceramic with zirconia framework | Polyether | NA; NA | Zinc phosphate | Students |  > 5–10 years; 4; NA |
Rinke et al., 2015 [45], Germany, Cohort | 25–74 years; F:39, M:29; NA | Pulpal: Vital (221 teeth); Periapical: NA | Subjective | Single-unit; Zirconia | Polyvinyl siloxane or polyether | NA; NA | Zinc phosphate or GIC | General practitioners |  > 5–10 years; 19; NA |
Rinke et al., 2020 [46], Germany, Cohort | 48.9 ± 12, 9 years; F:45, M:24; NA | Pulpal: Vital (81 teeth); Periapical: NA | Objective | FPD; Ceramic | NA | NA; NA | Resin | General practitioners |  ≤ 5 years; 1; NA |
Scheibenbogen et al., 1998 [47], Germany, Cohort | 23–58 years; NA; NA | Pulpal: Vital (71 teeth); Periapical: NA | Objective | Single-unit; Ceramic and composites | Polyether | Eugenol-free; ≤ 2 weeks | Resin | Students |  ≤ 5 years; 1; NA |
Selz et al., 2014 [48], Germany, RCT | 25–65 years; F:33, M:27; NA | Pulpal: Vital (149 teeth); Periapical: NA | Objective | Single-unit; Ceramic | Polyether | Eugenol-free; NA | Resin and GIC | Prosthodontists |  ≤ 5 years; 11; NA |
Tinschert et al., 2008 [49], Germany, Cohort | 20–58 years; F:27, M:19; NA | Pulpal: Vital (104 teeth); Periapical: Normal | Subjective | FPD; PFM | NA | Eugenol-free; ≤ 2 weeks | Zinc phosphate or Resin | Students and General practitioners |  ≤ 5 years; 3; NA |
Uzgur et al., 2016 [50], Turkey, Cohort | 21–73 years; F:214, M:310; NA | Pulpal: Vital (1633 teeth); Periapical: NA | Objective | FPD; PFM | NA | Eugenol-based; ≤ 2 weeks | Zinc polycarboxylate | Prosthodontists |  ≤ 5 years; 18; NA |
Valderhaug et al., 1997 [17], Norway, Cohort | 25–69 years; NA; NA | Pulpal: Vital (291 teeth); Periapical: NA | Subjective | Single-unit and FPD; Gold with acrylic resin | NA | Eugenol-based; NA | Zinc phosphate | Students |  > 10 years; 30; 4 |
Walther, 1995 [51], Germany, Cohort | 19–88 years; NA; NA | Pulpal: Vital (1983 teeth); Periapical: NA | Objective | Single-unit; NA | Polyether | Eugenol-based; NA | NA | NA |  ≤ 5 years; 124; NA |
Wolleb et al., 2012 [52], Switzerland, Cohort | 34–84 years; F:28, M:17; 22% smokers, 11% diabetic patients | Pulpal: Vital (311 teeth); Periapical: NA | Objective | Single-unit and FPD; PFM or ceramic | Polyether | NA; NA | GIC or resin | Students |  > 5–10 years; 9; 9 |
Zitzmann et al., 2021 [53], Switzerland, Cohort | 13–80 years; F: 39, M: 32; NA | Pulpal: Vital (107 teeth); Periapical: NA | Objective | FPD; metal or ceramic | NA | NA; NA | Resin | Postgraduate and prosthodontists |  ≤ 5 years; 1; NA |