Fig. 4
Effect of PD98059 on curcumin-induced transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 (a), type I TGF-β receptor (TGF-βRI) (b), type II TGF-β receptor (TGF-βRII) (c), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (d) expression in human gingival fibroblasts (hGF) in the in vitro wound healing model. Cells were plated at 6 × 105 cells per plate in tissue culture dishes. The wounded hGF culture was treated with 100 nM PD98059 for 1 h prior to 1 µM curcumin treatment for 24 h. Gene expression was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. *p < 0.05. **p < 0.001