Items for critical appraisal | Were the criteria for inclusion in the sample clearly defined? | Were the study subjects and the setting described in detail? | Was the exposure measured in a valid and reliable way? | Were objective, standard criteria used for measurement of the condition? | Were confounding factors identified? | Were strategies to deal with confounding factors stated? | Were the outcomes measured in a valid and reliable way? | Was appropriate statistical analysis used? | Overall appraisal | Quality of the evidence | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
studies | yes | No | Unclear | Not applicable | yes | No | Unclear | Not applicable | Yes | No | Unclear | Not applicable | Yes | No | Unclear | Not applicable | Yes | No | Unclear | Not applicable | Yes | No | Unclear | Not applicable | Yes | No | Unclear | Not applicable | Yes | No | Unclear | Not applicable | ||
Rooban et al. [48] | √ |  |  |  | √ |  |  |  |  | √ |  |  | √ |  |  |  | √ |  |  |  |  | √ |  |  | √ |  |  |  | √ |  |  |  | Included | moderate |
Reece [49] | √ |  |  |  | √ |  |  |  | √ |  |  |  | √ |  |  |  |  | √ |  |  | √ |  |  |  | √ |  |  |  |  | √ |  |  | Included | High |
Kayal et al. [50] | √ |  |  |  | √ |  |  |  | √ |  |  |  | √ |  |  |  |  | √ |  |  |  | √ |  |  | √ |  |  |  |  | √ |  |  | Included | moderate |
D’Amore et al. [51] | √ |  |  |  | √ |  |  |  | √ |  |  |  | √ |  |  |  | √ |  |  |  |  | √ |  |  | √ |  |  |  |  | √ |  |  |  | High |
Gupta et al. [52] | √ |  |  |  | √ |  |  |  | √ |  |  |  | √ |  |  |  |  | √ |  |  |  |  | √ |  |  |  | √ |  |  | √ |  |  |  | moderate |