Landmark | Symbol | Definition | Category |
---|---|---|---|
Nasion | N | The most antero-inferior point on the frontal bone at the fronto-nasal suture. | Landmarks for head orientation |
Orbitale | Or | The most inferior point of the lower border of the boney orbit. | |
Porion | Po | The most superior point of external auditory meatus. | |
Basion | Ba | The most inferior point at the anterior margin of the foramen magnum in the midsagittal plane. | |
Pogonion | Pog | The most anterior point in mandibular chin area in the sagittal plane. | Landmarks on chin |
Point C | C | The deepest point on the anterior surface of the lingual cortical plate of the chin symphysis (Fig. 3). | Reference landmarks in symphysis |
Point D | D | Intersection of the line connecting C and Pog with the anterior cortical plate of the chin (Fig. 3). | |
Point E | E | The most inferior point on the inner surface of the cortical plate of the chin symphysis (Fig. 3). | |
Mental foramen | MF | The center of the mental foramen (Fig. 4). | Landmarks on mandibular canal |
Anterior mental foramen | MFA | The most anterior point of the mental foramen (Fig. 4). | |
Mandibular foramen | MdF | The center of the mandibular foramen (Fig. 4). |