Fig. 6

To reveal the involvement of TLR4 signaling endotoxin, removal agents were used and signal pathways were blocked. Gingival fibroblasts were exposed to salivary pellet that had been washed four times and filtered saliva for 6 hours. a Endotoxin removal resins reduced endotoxin-induced chemokine expression. Signal pathways were blocked with the TLR4 inhibitor TAK-242 (25 μM). b Salivary pellet that had been washed four times and filtered saliva increased phospho-p65 signaling in gingival fibroblasts, and TAK-242 reduced this process. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (10 ng/mL), served as positive, and serum-free medium as negative control. Data were normalized to positive expression levels of salivary pellet that had been washed four times and filtered saliva. Circles represent the mean ± standard deviation of five experiments. Not indicated are p-values > 0.1