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Table 2 Anxiety and pain mean scores of the participants (n = 50)

From: Effect of virtual reality distraction on pain and anxiety during infiltration anesthesia in pediatric patients: a randomized clinical trial

Variables

Test

Control

p-value†

Mean ± SD

Mean ± SD

Heart rate per minute

Baseline

91.20 ± 14.53

85.48 ± 9.98

0.153

Video on

94.20 ± 14.62

84.00 ± 10.62

0.012*

Topical anesthesia application

93.20 ± 13.44

86.36 ± 12.29

0.047*

Needle insertion

100.00 ± 15.52

89.44 ± 13.59

0.017*

Immediately after local anesthesia

104.08 ± 15.34

90.20 ± 14.29

0.001*

HR difference (video on—baseline)

3.00 ± 12.45

 − 1.48 ± 8.00

0.228

HR difference (topical anesthesia—baseline)

2.00 ± 12.52

0.88 ± 11.62

0.984

HR difference (needle insertion—baseline)

8.80 ± 17.38

3.96 ± 11.61

0.437

HR difference (after local anesthesia—baseline)

12.88 ± 16.74

4.72 ± 14.41

0.111

FLACC behavioral pain assessment scale

2.58 ± 1.99

2.18 ± 2.29

0.497

Wong–Baker FACES pain rating scale

2.40 ± 2.82

2.72 ± 2.99

0.707

  1. †Mann–Whitney U test
  2. *Statistically significant