Table 4 Bivariate analysis of factors associated with oral examination, improper oral habits, feeding and delivery methods, dental visit experience, and malocclusion
From: Prevalence of and factors affecting malocclusion in primary dentition among children in Xi’an, China
Variables | Prevalence of malocclusion (present/total) | χ 2 | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Oral examination | Fused tooth | |||
Present | 65.18 (73/112) | |||
Absent | 66.37 (1409/2123) | 0.067 | 0.795 | |
Insufficient abrasion of primary canines | ||||
Present | 73.28 (181/247) | |||
Absent | 65.44 (1301/1988) | 6.040 | 0.014 | |
Primate space | ||||
Present | 48.13 (775/987) | |||
Absent | 80.69 (707/1248) | 117.996 | <0.001 | |
Caries among primary teeth | ||||
Present | 68.08 (1171/1720) | |||
Absent | 60.39 (311/515) | 10.499 | 0.001 | |
Premature exfoliation of primary teeth | ||||
Present | 66.36 (73/110) | |||
Absent | 66.31 (1409/2125) | 0.00016 | 0.990 | |
Improper oral habits | Tongue thrusting | |||
Present | 84.38 (54/64) | |||
Absent | 65.78 (1428/2171) | 9.626 | 0.002 | |
Mouth breathing | ||||
Present | 77.99 (163/209) | |||
Absent | 66.09 (1319/2026) | 14.083 | <0.001 | |
Bruxism | ||||
Present | 64.76 (441/681) | |||
Absent | 66.99 (1041/1554) | 1.055 | 0.304 | |
Mandibular prognathism | ||||
Present | 82.86 (29/35) | |||
Absent | 66.05 (1453/2200) | 4.359 | 0.037 | |
Lip biting | ||||
Present | 74.04 (77/104) | |||
Absent | 65.93 (1405/2131) | 2.917 | 0.088 | |
Finger sucking | ||||
Present | 54.25 (287/400) | |||
Absent | 48.50 (1195/2835) | 6.457 | 0.011 | |
Feeding and delivery methods | Feeding methods | |||
Breast milk | 23.10 (131/567) | |||
Milk powder | 76.78 (443/577) | |||
Both | 83.23 (908/1091) | 641.829 | <0.001 | |
Feeding postures | ||||
Sitting | 66.86 (577/863) | |||
Half sitting | 64.10 (557/869) | |||
Flat | 69.51 (285/410) | |||
Unfixed | 67.74 (63/93) | 3.990 | 0.263 | |
Use of pacifier | ||||
Yes | 73.98 (307/415) | |||
No | 64.56 (1175/1820) | 13.410 | <0.001 | |
Delivery methods | ||||
Natural labor | 62.97 (670/1064) | |||
Caesarean | 69.34 (812/1171) | 10.133 | 0.001 | |
Dental visiting experience | Frequency of visiting dental clinic | |||
Never | 80.28 (635/791) | |||
Only when needed | 62.71 (676/1078) | |||
3 months | 38.10 (16/42) | |||
Half a year | 47.24 (137/290) | |||
Irregular | 52.94 (18/34) | 140.227 | <0.001 | |
Facility of the visited dental clinic | ||||
Public hospital | 59.10 (789/1335) | |||
Community hospital | 57.83 (48/83) | |||
Private practice | 38.46 (10/26) | 4.505 | 0.105 | |
Had unpleasant dental visit experience | ||||
Yes | 74.76 (154/206) | |||
No | 55.98 (693/1238) | 25.685 | <0.001 | |
Parental attitude toward the problem of malocclusion | ||||
Pay positive attention | 52.81 (293/409) | |||
Not concerned | 69.33 (1189/1826) | 6.365 | 0.012 |