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Table 3 Univariable logistic regression of common risk factors associated with edentulism, adults aged 50+ years in China, Ghana, India and South Africa and pooled, SAGE Wave 1 (weighted)

From: Common risk factors and edentulism in adults, aged 50 years and over, in China, Ghana, India and South Africa: results from the WHO Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE)

Characteristics

China

Ghana

India

South Africa

Pooled data

OR (95 % CI)

p-value

OR (95 % CI)

p-value

OR (95 % CI)

p-value

OR (95 % CI)

p-value

OR (95 % CI)

p-value

Sex

 Male

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

 Female

1.27(1.14–1.40)

<0.001

1.33(0.84–2.12)

0.221

1.19(0.87–1.63)

0.274

1.09(0.70–1.68)

0.713

1.25(1.07–1.45)

0.004

Age group (years)

 50–59

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

 60–69

3.19(2.52–4.04)

<0.001

1.22(0.64–2.32)

0.537

1.55(1.24–1.95)

<0.001

1.55(0.91–2.65)

0.105

2.32(1.98–2.71)

<0.001

 70–79

8.16(6.14–10.85)

<0.001

1.75(0.85–3.61)

0.128

3.80(2.81–5.13)

<0.001

2.05(1.23–3.41)

0.006

6.02(4.95–7.33)

<0.001

 80+

20.09 (14.31–28.20)

<0.001

5.45(3.05–9.75)

0.000

3.79(2.62–5.49)

<0.001

2.60(0.86–7.66)

0.093

10.19(7.86–13.23)

<0.001

Residence

 Urban

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

 Rural

1.36(1.10–1.69)

0.005

0.57(0.35–0.91)

0.020

0.71(0.48–1.04)

0.075

0.34(0.19–0.59)

<0.001

1.30(1.02–1.65)

0.036

Highest education

 No schooling

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

 Primary

0.46(0.39–0.55)

<0.001

0.72(0.31–1.64)

0.429

0.9(0.7–1.2)

0.669

2.81(1.64–4.81)

<0.001

0.55(0.47–0.63)

<0.001

 Secondary

0.22(0.17–0.29)

<0.001

0.64(0.35–1.17)

0.143

0.7(0.5–0.9)

0.041

3.90(2.04–7.48)

<0.001

0.29(0.24–0.35)

<0.001

 University

0.15(0.09–0.27)

<0.001

1.00(0.30–3.32)

0.996

0.7(0.4–1.1)

0.115

1.64(0.48–5.56)

0.426

0.29(0.20–0.44)

<0.001

Wealth quintile

 1 (lowest)

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

 2

0.67(0.53–0.85)

0.001

0.90(0.44–1.83)

0.762

0.95(0.74–1.23)

0.549

1.72(0.66–4.46)

0.263

0.73(0.60–0.88)

0.001

 3

0.62(0.53–0.73)

<0.001

1.21(0.55–2.65)

0.634

0.90(0.65–1.26)

0.504

2.02(0.86–4.77)

0.107

0.68(0.57–0.80)

<0.001

 4

0.38(0.30–0.48)

<0.001

0.86(0.43–1.75)

0.680

1.05(0.72–1.51)

0.810

2.61(1.15–5.92)

0.022

0.53(0.42–0.67)

<0.001

 5 (highest)

0.29(0.21–0.39)

<0.001

1.11(0.55–2.24)

0.761

0.98(0.69–1.37)

0.890

4.85(2.08–11.33)

<0.001

0.50(0.40–0.63)

<0.001

Smoking

 Non-smoker

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

 Daily smoker

0.87(0.71–1.07)

0.172

0.85(0.43–1.68)

0.635

0.84(0.66–1.08)

0.171

1.81(1.05–3.13)

0.033

1.01(0.86–1.18)

0.908

 Non-daily smoker

0.57(0.36–0.91)

0.019

0.23(0.03–1.70)

0.149

1.13(0.65–1.96)

0.660

0.14(0.03–0.70)

0.017

0.90(0.62–1.33)

0.604

 Former smoker

1.59(1.24–2.04)

<0.001

1.50(0.68–3.30)

0.314

1.30(0.86–1.94)

0.209

1.53(0.79–2.96)

0.207

1.45(1.20–1.78)

<0.001

Alcohol use

 Drinker

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

 Non-drinker

1.30(1.12–1.50)

<0.001

1.21(0.83–1.75)

0.318

1.64(1.22–2.20)

<0.001

1.16(0.68–2.00)

0.577

1.61(1.40–1.85)

<0.001

Nutritional status

 Inadequate

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

 Adequate

0.49(0.39–0.62)

<0.001

1.06(0.66–1.69)

0.816

1.15(0.77–1.70)

0.499

0.73(0.45–1.19)

0.208

0.48(0.40–0.58)

<0.001

Chronic Conditions

 Angina

1.60(1.22–2.12)

0.001

3.13(1.24–7.93)

0.016

1.06(0.65–1.72)

0.827

1.58(0.85–2.94)

0.149

1.3(31.05–1.70)

0.019

 Diabetes

1.20(0.90–1.60)

0.210

2.56(1.20–5.46)

0.015

1.38(0.90–2.13)

0.137

2.28(1.36–3.82)

0.002

1.27(0.98–1.65)

0.067

 Hypertension

1.49(1.27–1.76)

<0.001

0.82(0.38–1.75)

0.604

0.96(0.71–1.29)

0.777

3.43(2.18–5.41)

<0.001

1.19(1.02–1.38)

0.026