Table 1 Prevalence of dental erosion in adolescents (12–16 years-old) assessed on a population-based samples (prevalence studies published since 2000)
Authors | Year | Country (Area) | Age (years) | Sample size | Erosion/Wear | Index used | Permanent teeth (surfaces) Examined | Prevalence (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
El Karim et al. [23] | 2007 | Sudan (Khartoum) | 12–14 | 157 | Erosion | Smith and Knight Tooth Wear Index (TWI) [51]. | UI (B, P) | 66.9 % |
Hamasha et al. [15] | 2014 | Jordan (Amman, Iibid, Al-Karak) | 12–14 | 3 812 | Erosion | TWI [51] modified by Millward et al. [52]: 0 (B/L/O/I) No loss of enamel surface characteristics. 1 (B/L/O/I) Loss of enamel surface characteristics. 2 (B/L/O) Loss of enamel, visible dentine for less than 1/3 of the surface. 2 (I) Loss of enamel just exposing dentine. 3 (B/L/O) Loss of enamel, visible dentine for > 1/3 of the surface. 3 (I) Loss of enamel and substantial loss of dentine. 4 (B/L/O) Complete loss of enamel, or pulp exposure, or exposure of secondary dentine. 4 (I) Pulp exposure or exposure of secondary dentine. | All permanent teeth (all surfaces) | 32.2 % |
Al Majed et al. [16] | 2002 | Saudi Arabia (Riyadh) | 12–14 | 862 | Erosion | Modified TWI derived from the 1998 United Kingdom Adult Dental Health Survey [53]: 0 No obvious wear facets in enamel. 1 Marked wear facets in enamel. Enamel only, Loss of surface characterisation. 2 Wear into dentin, dentin exposed occlusally/incisally. Loss of enamel exposing dentine. 3 Extensive wear into dentin, greater than 2 mm2 of exposed dentin, pulp exposure. Loss of enamel and dentin resulting in pulpal exposure. | UI (B, P), M1 (O) | 95 % (DE in at least one tooth) 26 % (DE into dentine or into pulp) |
McGuire et al. [3] Okunseri et al. [13] | 2009 2011 | United States (NHANES) | 13–19 | 1 962 | Erosion | Incisors, canines, M1 (O) | 45.9 % (DE in at least one tooth): 13–14 year-old: 39.6 % 16–17 year-old: 44.5 % | |
Bardsley et al. [26] Milosevic et al. [27] | 2004 | Nord west England (Preston) | 14 | 2 385 | Wear | Simplified version of TWI dichotomised as the presence or absence of dentinal exposure (S-TWI) (1984): 0 No wear into dentin. 1 Dentine just visible (including cupping) or dentine exposed for less than 1/3 of surface. 2 Dentin exposure greater than 1/3 of surface. 3 Complete loss of enamel on a surface, exposure of pulp or secondary dentin. | Incisors, canines, M1 (O) | 53 % |
Bardolia et al. [31] | 2010 | UK (Isle of Man) | 13–14 | 629 | Erosion | Incisors, canines, M1 (O) | 51 % (20 % if exclusion of incisal edge wear) | |
Abu-Ghazaleh et al. [22] | 2013 | Jordan (Amman) | 15–16 | 1 602 | Wear | Incisors, canines, M1 (O) | 51 % | |
Dugmore et al. [32] Dugmore et al. [28] | 2003 2004 | UK (Leicestershire, Rutland) | 12 14 | 1 753 1 308 re-examined | Erosion | Index of O’Brien [32]. Depth: 0 Normal enamel. 1 Loss of enamel surface characteristics. 2 Loss of enamel exposing dentine 3 Loss of enamel and dentine with pulp exposure. Area: 1 Less than one third of surface involved. 2 Between one and two thirds of surface involved. 3 More than two thirds of surface involved. | Incisors, M1 | 12 year-old: 59.7 % (2.7 % exhibiting exposed dentine) 14 year-old: 64.1 % (56.3 % at 12 year-old) |
Sanhouri et al. [18] | 2010 | Sudan (Khartoum) | 12–14 | 1 138 | Wear | All permanent teeth (all surfaces) | 74 % | |
2011 | Brazil (Bauru) | 12, 16 | 414 | Erosion | UI (B, P), M1 (O) | 20 % (withoutloss of dentine) | ||
Habib et al. [12] | 2013 | United States (Kansas city) | 12 | 218 | Erosion | UI (B, P) | 10 % | |
Van Rijkom et al. [30] | 2002 | The Netherlands (The Hague) | 10–13 15–16 | 345 400 | Erosion | Modified scale of Lussi by Van Rijkom [54]: 0 No visible smooth wear. 1 Slight smooth enamel wear, surface with silky-shining, ‘melted’ appearance. 2 Deep smooth enamel wear, dentine is shining through (light yellow). 3 Smooth wear into dentine on L/P or O surfaces, or less than one-half of B surfaces (yellow). 4 Smooth wear into dentine on more than one-half of B surfaces. | All permanent teeth (all surfaces) | 3 % of 10–13 year-olds 30 % of 15–16 year-olds |
Truin et al. [33] | 2005 | The Netherlands (The Hague) | 12 | 324 | Erosion | UI, UC (P); M1 (O) | 24 % | |
El Aïdi et al. [34] | 2008 | The Netherlands (Oss) | 10–12 | 622 | Erosion | All permanent teeth (all surfaces) | 32.2 % (deep enamel erosion: 1.8 %) | |
Arnadottir et al. [29] | 2003 | Iceland (Reykjavik) | 15 | 278 | Erosion | Modified scale of Lussi (1991): 0 No erosion. 1 Loss of surface enamel, dentine not involved (anterior teeth), enamel erosion on cusp tips that cannot be attributed to attrition (posterior teeth). 2 Erosion extending into dentine. 3 Extending close to pulp (pulp chamber visible). | All permanent teeth (all surfaces) | 21.6 % |
Arnadottir et al. [2] | 2010 | Iceland | 12, 15 | 1 507 | Erosion | All permanent teeth (all surfaces) | 15.7 % of 12-year-olds (n = 757) 30.7 % of 15-year-olds (n = 750) | |
Peres et al. [7] | 2005 | Brazil (Joaçaba) | 12 | 391 | Erosion | Dental erosion index of O’Sullivan [55]. Grade of severity: 0 Normal enamel. 1 Matte appearance of the enamel surface with no loss of contour. 2 Loss of enamel only. 3 Loss of enamel with exposure of dentin (ADJ visible). 4 Loss of enamel and dentin beyond ADJ. 5 Loss on enamel and dentin with exposure of pulp. Area of surface affected by erosion: Code- Less than half of the surface affected. Code + More than half of the surface affected. | UI | 13 % |
Correr et al. [4] | 2009 | Brazil (Piracicaba, São Paulo) | 12 | 389 | Erosion | UI, M1 | 26 % | |
Wang et al. [24] | 2010 | China (Guangzhou) | 12–13 | 1 499 | Erosion | Incisors, M1 | 27.3 % | |
Vargas-Ferreira et al. [11] | 2011 | Brazil (Santa Maria) | 11–14 | 870 | Erosion | UI, M1 | 7.2 % | |
Kumar et al. [17] | 2013 | Karnataka, South India | 11–14 | 605 | Erosion | All permanent teeth (all surfaces) | 8.9 % | |
Aguiar et al. [8] | 2014 | Brazil (Campina Grande) | 15–19 | 675 | Erosion | UI, M1 | 21 % | |
Auad et al. [5] Waterhouse et al. [6] | 2007 2008 | South east Brazil (TrêsCorações) | 13–14 | 458 | Erosion | Criteria used in UK National Diet and nutrition survey [56]: 0 Normal. 1 Enamel only. Less than one third of surface involved. 2 Enamel and dentine. One third up to two thirds of surface involved. 3 Enamel, dentine and pulp. Two thirds or more of surface involved. | UI (B/P), M1 (O) | 34.1 % (no evidence of erosion affecting dentine) |
2011 | Libya (Benghazi) | 12 | 791 | Erosion | UI (B/P), M1 (O) | 40.8 % | ||
Margaratis et al. [35] | 2011 | Greece (Attica) | 14–16 | 502 | Erosion | BEWE scoring system [46]: 0 No erosive tooth wear. 1 Initial loss of surface texture. 2 Distinct defect; hard tissue loss < 50 % of the surface area. 3 Hard tissue loss ≥ 50 % of the surface area. | All permanent teeth (all surfaces) | 58 % (BEWE >0) If S-TWI on incisors, M1(O): 51.6 % |
Zhang et al. [25] | 2014 | China (Hong Kong) | 12 | 600 | Erosion | All permanent teeth (all surfaces) | 75 % (BEWE > 0) but no severe erosion (BEWE = 3) | |
Alvarez Loureiro L. et al. [14] | 2015 | Montevideo (Uruguay) | 12 | 1 136 | Erosion | All permanent teeth (B, P, O) | 52.9 % (BEWE >0) |